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Consonants Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal Voiced m ⟨m⟩ [m] n [n] ny ⟨ny⟩ [ɲ] N ⟨ng⟩ [ŋ]
Plosive Voiceless p ⟨p⟩ [p] t ⟨t⟩ [t] k ⟨k⟩ [k]
Voiced b ⟨b⟩ [b] d ⟨d⟩ [d] g ⟨g⟩ [g]
Affricate No Distinction C ⟨tc⟩ [t͡ʃ]
Sibilant Fricative No Distinction s ⟨s⟩ [s/z] c ⟨c⟩ [ʃ/ʒ]
Non-Sibilant Fricative No Distinction f ⟨f⟩ [f/v]
Approximant Voiced w* ⟨w⟩ [w] y ⟨y⟩ [j] w* ⟨w⟩ [w]
Lateral Voiced l ⟨l⟩ [l]
Vowel Tones
Tone # Chao Letter Diacritic
1 ˧
2 ˥˧ ̀
3 ˩˧˧ ́
4 ˧˩˨ ̌
5 ˧˦˩ ̂
6 ˥˥˩ ̄

*The letter "w" has two places of articulation.

Vowels Front Central Back
Closed i ⟨i⟩ [i] u ⟨u⟩ [u]
Mid o ⟨o⟩ [o]
Open-Mid e ⟨e⟩ [ɛ]
Open a ⟨a⟩ [a]